Anarthyism And Mccarthyism In Arthur Millers The Crucible

As America entered the post-war era after World War II, there was still an ongoing sense of paranoia throughout the country. In the mid-nineteen hundreds, McCarthyism, initiated by Joseph McCarthy’s accusation of 205 Communists and the use of unjust methods to hunt Communists, arose. As this era emerged, Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, which highlighted and dramaticized the scandal of the 1692 Salem witch trials, gained popularity and opened on Broadway. Though the two events in American history, McCarthyism and the witch trials, lie almost 300 years apart, Miller’s The Crucible serves as an allegory to the closely mirrors the events of McCarthyism, specifically in the request of the names of those accused, the absence of reliable†¦show more content†¦His private list started off with two hundred and five names, then two days later decreased to fifty-seven. â€Å"In the following weeks, McCarthy bumped this number up to 81 and then shaved it down to 10,† (The Crucible Mini-Q, 301). In Act III of Miller’s play, there is a conversation between Reverend Hale and Deputy Governor Danforth concerning the seventy-two death warrants Hale has signed. Hale states, â€Å"I dare not take a life without there be a proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of conscience may doubt it,† and Danforth responds by saying that there is nothing else that can be done, besides relying on only the allegations given by the victims (Miller). The inconsistency in McCarthy’s claims proved the lack of reliability his â€Å"private list† had, just as there was a lack of reliability in the proof regarding those accused of witchcraft. Though there were people that easily gave up their right to silence, in both The Crucible and during the era of McCarthyism, there were people who stayed true to their beliefs and refused to testify. When approached by the HUAC, Pete Seeger, a folk singer and activist, followed Albert Einstein’s advice when it came to opposing Congressional investigations. In a letter to a schoolteacher, Einstein said, â€Å"... Every intellectual who is called

Sexual Stereotypes In Advertising Free Essays

A stereotype is a standardized character, of appearance or lifestyle which people expect. For example most people if asked to describe a ‘Super Hero’ would reply with, ‘strong, tall, brave and good looking,’ but is this always the case? Therefore sexual stereotypes are about how people expect a person to look or act because of their gender. Men are thought of as successful businessmen in suits and striped shirts, which is a sign of wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Stereotypes In Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some cases the male is seen as the father figure in a family of four, but in both of these cases his is attractive to the opposite sex. Young boys are often cheeky and mischievous, they tend to wear blue as it is though of as a ‘boy’s’ colour. In the majority of cases they are portrayed as been sporty and even from this early age show a keen interest in cars. In advertising, a woman is seen as the mother of a family who does all of the housework and cooking for the other members of the family. They wear purple or pastel blue, which brings across the message that they are soft and feminine. If they are acting the housewife they are usually slim, attractive and extremely good-looking. The reason for this is that the company will try and sell the product using a ‘sex appeal’ method which can be very effective. If this is the case, bright, bold colours such as red and pink are used so that the model stands out. Little girls are often portrayed as cute and gentle, so that viewers get emotional when they are watching. In most cases they are dresses in a pink dress, with a doll and their hair is styled into little curls. I have decided to use three ‘OXO’ advertisements, which are advertising gravy to show how different sexes are addressed in different circumstances. In the first advertisement a women is cooking in a kitchen with a big grin on her face, this suggests that she is happy with what she is doing and feels at ‘home’ with cooking. She is wearing a light purple top, the reason for this is that it helps the bright colours of the ‘OXO’ logo to stand out. The young girl who is most probably the lady’s daughter is helping her mother happily and brings across the message that she will one day become the mother and cook for her own family. Finally the little boy is watching his mother but not taking any part in the cooking. He has a big smile on his face, as he waits for his lunch to be made. The fact that he is not helping is significant because this is the case in most advertisements that include males and cooking. On the whole this is a stereotypical advertisement with the mother cooking the dinner and the male not taking part. The text in the advert is emboldened and bright, this is so that the logo stands out and if someone has a quick glance at the poster the logo is the image that will stay in their mind. The second advertisement is different from the first for the simple fact that this time it is the farther in the kitchen not the mother. The father has done the cooking for his two sons but he has made a mess, this shows that most people have the idea then men can not cook but women can and this is another stereotypical idea which is obviously not true at all. The two sons are looking at their father in disgust and as most likely thinking, ‘What will mum do?’ The advertisement shows that even though the father does not know how to cook he still knows that ‘OXO’ is the best and if a man who can not cook knows this, its obvious to a woman who can cook that ‘OXO’ is the best gravy to use. There is no ‘OXO’ logo on this advertisement and I think that is because it is a ‘still’ from a television advertisement unlike the first which was a poster. The third and final ‘OXO’ advertisement uses both male and female characters. It contains a stereotypical image of a women who has done the cooking and serving the food to the other three family members two of which are male and are sitting at the table waiting for their dinner. The father figure, in the scene is just reading his newspaper and the fact that he is doing nothing else is a stereotypical idea of a father waiting for his dinner. All of the family is smiling as they receive their dinner and this is because they are about to receive ‘OXO’ gravy, which brings across the message that it is good. The way in which the advertisement uses both male and female characters in a stereotypical form is important because it sets a common family scene and people think that it also applies to their family. On the whole all three of the advertisements used both male and female characters and I think that is because the product is for both sexes but I also think that even though this is the case women are still portrayed as the cook. There are some adverts, which use only male models, and these usually advertise products such as cars, aftershave, DIY products and shaving equipment. One example of an advert, which uses just a male character, is advertising Hugo Boss Aftershave. The man in the advert is brought across as a successful businessman and we can tell this by the way he dresses. I think that the striped shirt, which he is wearing, is a sign of wealth and success. The man’s hands are clean and his nails have been professionally manicured which suggests to me that he has a surplus of money. He is holding a file-fax in his hands, which would mean that he, is heading for a meeting and therefore adding to the ‘Businessman Image’. The advert contains a typical stereotype image of a man and I think that he dresses like this so that a man will buy the aftershave because he will think that it will make him rich and successful. If this is not the case and the mans wife or girlfriend is buying him a present she may buy this because her sub-conscious will tell her that her man will end up looking like the model in the advert. In the same way that men are used solely in advertisements, women are also used in order to sell products to males using sex appeal or to sell products to women through a sub-conscious method. In an advert for ‘Hot Choc Drinks’ an attractive woman is dressed in red and has a slim figure and this is another example of stereotyping. The reason that the woman is dressed in red is to attract the customers’ attention and the colour red is good at doing this. The attractive face and slim figure suggests to other women that if they drink ‘Hot Choc’ they too will get a body like the model, which unfortunately is untrue. To a male buyer it suggests to his sub-conscious that he will be likely to encounter girls like the model. The cup in the model’s hand is the same shape as her body to remind the customer of what’s in store in the unlikely event that they will forget. After looking at the five different adverts I have decided that companies use different types of models and stereotype these models to grab the customers attention or to act on their sub-conscious, which will hopefully result in an increase in sales. Nowadays most advertisements are shown on television and here are two examples showing how television also uses stereotyping. The Yorkie advert has a slogan, which states, ‘Yorkie; it’s not for girls.’ This shows that the chocolate is so big and chunky that it is only for men. The idea of the big chunks of chocolate suggests that women are too small and weak to handle this. It may be also portraying the same message as in the ‘Hot Chocs’ advertisement meaning that women are not allowed it because it will cause them to become fat and unattractive. During the adverts a women dresses as a man in order to purchase the chocolate, she wears male clothing and a fake beard as it would be extraordinary for a woman to have so much facial hair. The woman also speaks in a deep voice so that the shop owner does not realise because women are expected to talk in a soft voice and doing so would give her game away. This is an example of sexual stereotyping saying that men have facial hair and speak in deep voices, which may not always be the case. Towards the end of the advertisement the women’s real identity is revealed which is another example of sexual stereotypes. The second television advertisement that I have chosen is advertising an insurance company, which is just for women. The company says the if you chance your insurance to them it could be cheaper because it is just for women. This brings across a stereotypical image that males, young and old, are dangerous drivers who push their car it its limits. This of cause is untrue and there, as just as many bad female drivers as there are bad male drivers. In the advertisement there is a women who is presenting the information and the company logo contains the colour pink, these two points are significant if the company wants to keep with the idea that women are better drivers. The reason for this is that the people who are watching the advertisement will be getting the information from another women, which they will probably value more. Pink is a stereotypical colour which as always been associated with females of every age. Both of these advertisements express stereotypical images of men and women in completely different ways, but these are just a small selection of the many ways men and women are portrayed. The roles of men and women have changed considerably over time, but in peoples sub-conscious they appear to have stayed the same and therefore have also not changed in advertising. For example most males are portrayed most successful businessmen and nowadays women go to work rather than staying at home doing the housework. How to cite Sexual Stereotypes In Advertising, Papers

Teaching How to Write Essays Essay Sample free essay sample

It seems more and more pupils are composing their essays passively these yearss. The grounds for this are double. First. some pupils think that since essays are â€Å"never incorrect. † as it is simply an look of their sentiment. they go in front in composing it without cognizing respect for how much they could truly set in it. and that they should non exclude of import inside informations and background of their sentiment and points of position so that their essays could stand strong and be justified. Second. some other pupils are content in copying everything they find on their research. and compose their essays without original ideas from them. Students tend to sabotage the importance of larning to show in composing their ideas. sentiment and statements sing assigned subjects. because they are believing that some teachers do non truly delve through their work. and simply look over their undertakings. documents or assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching How to Write Essays Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will learn my pupils the importance of cognizing how to show what they want to state. and going confident in forming the ideas that are in their head. because this can assist subsequently on in life. When people apply for a occupation. for case. those who can compose immediately have the border over those who can non. This is merely one of the many avenues in which pupils can do good usage of the accomplishments they have acquired in authorship. The rule I will utilize in learning my pupils is using an mundane reminder that says. â€Å"Study to populate. † This rule will enable the pupils to recognize that analyzing is non about traveling through the gestures of replying tests and subjecting undertakings. Specifically. this rule will hammer in the students’ head that everything they do and get in any acquisition centre will profit them for the remainder of their life. The bundle of benefits that acquired larning can convey is illimitable. One should recognize that school is a readying for something bigger than graduation – that is existent life. Specifically. my pupils should larn that composing essays is non merely about look intoing their apprehension of an assigned topic. It is besides a manner of happening out what could be done to better their interpersonal communicating outside school. Further. those who would wish to prosecute a calling in composing can profit mostly from it. as they would cognize how easy it is to make. The followers will be my lineation for larning how to compose essays: Through this lineation. my pupils will appreciate authorship. bask the authorship exercisings. and see the importance of cognizing how to compose essays confidently and strongly.

Sex in Advertising free essay sample

Firebombed and Fitch will be investigated to see how their designers negotiate ethical issues within an industry. Sex in advertising is most commonly used in image-based products such as alcohol, cigars, fragrance, cosmetics and fashion (Koran, 2006, p. 2). Koran also maintains that the main target audiences for sex in advertising are twelve to seventeen year olds because of their increasing disposable incomes and their curiosity towards sex. This target audience raises concerns of whether it is ethical to be associating sex with a product that young people will see and potentially buy.A common idea is that sex in advertising does catch the viewers attention but often brand recognition is sacrificed (Blair, Stephenson, Hill, and Green, 2006, p. 109). Severe, Belch and Belch (1990, p. 14-22) came out a study, which found sex in advertising detracted the viewers processing of the message and ability to remember the brand. However, Deflating (2006) disagrees with this study. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex in Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believes sex does sell as our fundamental instincts take over when we are presented with sex in advertising.From this one can assume, according to Deflating, there are no ethical implications with signers using sex in advertising, as it is a natural aspect of life and therefore expected rather than shocking. In contrast to Defaulters claims Cyberpunks (2000) points out that The flaw in the sex sells theory is that sex does not sell. Sexiness sells. (p. 14). With regard to the Victorians Secret advertisement (see fig. 1) it is clear that the idea of being sexy can sell. The model, although naked, is tastefully covered. The designer Of this advert has considered the ethical implications of the consumers. This advertisement has sex appeal but with the coverage of the model the brand name can still be recognized and remarkable. The viewer is not bombarded with explicit sexual material therefore the designer has successfully negotiated the ethics of sex in advertising in accordance of what consumers feel is ethical. Consumer response is vital when it comes to ethical implications however one must also look into the designers mind whilst they are creating advertisements of a sexual nature. Bird and Waters (1 989, p. 75) conducted an experiment to determine whether or not designers ire considering the ethical implications of their work.They came up with a classification, moral muteness, which summarizes the designers who did not present moral once in their work. Moral muteness meant that ethics were rarely discussed in the design process. The fact that there is a classification tells us there are a high number of designers who are not thinking about the ethical implications of their work. Branding expert Lee Newman expresses his opinion on why this might be when discussing if he would work with an unethical client, If was financially secure, and if felt strongly about it, no, I wouldnt take the client. If I wasnt busy and needed the money, I would think about it Thin reason (Airy, 2007). It is clear that finance is a crucial element to whether or not ethical implications are negotiated. With this theory in mind the essay will now see if corporate companies within industry are considering ethical implications. Victorians Secret is one of Americas biggest lingerie brands in the fashion industry and actively uses sex in their advertising successfully. As a result of their use of sex in advertising within two years Victorians Secret went from being ranked twenty sixth to ninth amongst the most recognizable brands (Richter, 2003, p. 90). Ethical implications for various Victorians Secret advertisements have not always been thought about as evidence shows that The Wall Street Journal have turned down their adverts for being too sexually orientated (Richter, 2003, p. 194). However, elements of ethical implications are being considered by designer Victor Angled in the 2012 Victorians Secret CRY campaign (see fig. 2). Although the advertisements imply nudity the models are covered by the CRY code thus complying with the ethical concerns of many consumers who disagree with nudity being shown in public.Angled gives the viewer an opportunity to reveal what is under the CRY code by scanning it, making it so the viewer controls how much or little of the advert hey want to see. This is a successful negotiation of ethical implications as power is given to the consumer to make their own choices. In comparison to Victorians Secret designer Victor Angled, the Calvin Klein designers in the fragrance industry are not so sympathetic to the ethical implications of their advertisements. As Bird and Waters (1989) would describe, the Calvin Klein designers suffer from moral muteness.Calvin Kelvins erotic advertisements are producing over five billion dollars of retail sales annually, once again proving that sex does sell (Richter, 2003, p. 33). Blair et al. 2006, p. 114) make a valid point that it is the advertising agencies that should take responsibility and control ethics involved with sex in advertising. The major concern from this statement is that all of Calvin Kelvins advertising is done through an internal company called CRY Advertising, meaning that the company controls the advertising not an external agency (James, 2009).Thus, there is no barrier that assures ethical implications are being adhered to. This is clearly evident in their fragrance advertisement (see fig. 3). The woman in the advertisement is naked and has been shot in a suggestive position. It is no wonder that Calvin Klein has been credited by feminists and the Women Against Pornography as objectifying and exploiting women (Richter, 2003; Richter and Lambdas, 2003). Designers here seem to be following Scott and Batters (2003, p. 5) theory that people can cope with this style of advertising if they are aware that most images are digitally enhanced. Chine et al. 2004) disagrees with this point and questions whether it is ethical to play off of peoples insecurities to sell a product. They also go on to say that those who are more likely to buy the products are insecure and use the product as a confidence boost to appear sexier. The evidence here suggests that Calvin Klein designers are not negotiating with the issue of ethical implications; instead they are manipulating their consumers for their own financial gain. Firebombed and Fitch is another brand that heavily utilizes sex in advertising and do not always consider the ethical implications of their work.The company changed from selling fishing gear to sexy apparel in the sasss successfully due to their provocative marketing campaigns (Richter, 2003, p. 31 Perhaps one Of their only campaigns that show the designers ethical incinerations is the Quarterly (see fig. 4), which is a three hundred page promotional magazine that features nude or semi-nude models (Richter, 2003, p. 231). The publication is restricted to persons over the age of eighteen showing that the designers have limited the audience of the magazine to people who are of an age where they can choose what they read.This is a clever tactic for the designers as they have negotiated the issue of ethical implications in this instance by offering a choice, much like the Victorians Secret campaign. However, Firebombed and Fitch have many public advertisements that are controversial (see fig. ). The billboard features a man of a muscular build pulling his jeans down. His head is cropped out, clearly objectifying the man as an ideal. Obviously ethical implications have not been thought about here as this billboard is exposed to the public, including children and young teenagers. The billboard impacts the societal views of youth as they see a muscular man and aspire to be him or be with him (Johan, 2001 p. 324). Koran (2006) describes the affects of this sort of advertising saying that it can stunt the growth of young men as they begin lifting weights too early in life in an attempt to be as muscular as the models hey see. One could conclude that Firebombed and Fitch do negotiate the ethical implications of their work in instances but it is rarely evident in most campaigns.After examining the work of various designers who use sex in advertising it is clear that the negotiation of ethical issues is not deemed essential in most advertisements. Although some designers such as Victor Angled have shown that ethical implications are being considered, the works of Calvin Klein and Firebombed and Fitch outweigh this with their objectification of men and women. In summary it is clear that sex does sell to consumers so it s expected that this style of advertising will continue to be used and regularly seen by the public.